You might not be a native to Roman languages, but it’s very easy to “vebify” a word for natives just like you would in English.

Tell me a noun you think can be verbed in English but not in Roman languages and I’ll give you an example of how it looks like.

Probably spelling, but there’s one quirk in English that makes it so you can build the arguably weirdest sentence in any language. Here’s the short version and explanation for people unaware of the 3 meanings of the word (which I’ll use 3 different spellings to make it easier to understand):

• Buffalo is a city in USA
• a buffalo is another name for an animal also known as a bison
• To BUFFALO means to bother, or bully.

So a Buffalo buffalo is a Bison from the city of Buffalo. If a Bison from Buffalo were to bother another Bison from Buffalo, you get the common example of this phrase which is Buffalo buffalo BUFFALO Buffalo buffalo which means Buffalo bison BOTHERS Buffalo bison. You can add an extra Buffalo at the start to make it a headline of a newspaper telling you where this happened, but that only gives you Buffalo, Buffalo buffalo BUFFALO Buffalo buffalo…

But we can make it better. See, in English you can add specifiers to a noun, the way we’re doing with Buffalo to specify this is a Bison from Buffalo, but the specification can be a full sentence. For example if we wanted to say that specify that the bison is known to bother other bisons you can call him a “bison bully” bison, or even if he’s from Buffalo and only bullies other bisons from Buffalo he’s a Buffalo “Buffalo bison bully” bison, or a Buffalo “Buffalo buffalo BUFFALO” buffalo.

Cool, so if a Bison from Buffalo known for bullying other bisons from Buffalo is bullying yet another Buffalo bison you can say that a “Buffalo Buffalo buffalo BUFFALO buffalo BUFFALO Buffalo buffalo”… But what if the bison it’s bullying is also known to bully other bisons from buffalo? Then Buffalo buffalo BUFFALO Buffalo buffalo BUFFALO Buffalo buffalo BUFFALO Buffalo buffalo

But our bison might actually EXCLUSIVELY bully bisons that bully other bisons, so he’s a Buffalo bison BULLY BULLY, and if he’s from the city of Buffalo he’s a Buffalo Buffalo buffalo BUFFALO BUFFALO. So if our heroic bison made a mistake and bullied another Bison who only bullies bullies then: Buffalo Buffalo buffalo BUFFALO BUFFALO buffalo BUFFALO Buffalo Buffalo buffalo BUFFALO BUFFALO

And you can keep making the sentence infinitely long by specifying that tach bison in the story is a Buffalo bison Bully bison.

It’s possible to do so in other languages as well, we rarely need to because we have other words for things though.

Whatever you think its best. My name is pronounced differently in the original language and the language I grew up speaking, I quickly learned I had to purposefully mispronounce it so that people would write it correctly.

No, in fact cars would be safer (about lighting strikes) if they had metal wheels or some metal touching the ground. Rubber is similarly insulated as air, meaning that they’re almost invisible to lightings.

The reason why you’re safe in a car is because it’s a Faraday cage, the electricity flows around the body of the car instead of through you. That being said, exactly because the car has rubber feet it can hold quite a large charge still, so if you’re ever in a car that got hit by a lighting and the car doesn’t have a discharge (it’s common in some dry countries to have a metal chain or wire touching the ground to avoid getting shocked by your car due to static electricity), your safest bet is to touch the car against a metal pole before getting off. Because let’s say that the tires can insulate up to 10KV, the lighting might not have fully discharged and the car still be 10KV more charged than the ground, and when you touch the ground with one feet while the other is in the car you become the path of least resistance.

You are reading one thing and interpreting another. Both me and that link told you height is more important. What that link is telling you is that a wood gazebo in the middle of nowhere will attract lightning the same way a metal gazebo of the same height in the middle of nowhere will, so you’re not less safe in a metal gazebo than in a wooden one in isolation of one another. What I’m telling you is that if you put them side by side the metal one will be struck nearly 100% of the time.

The myth that it is trying to counter is that you having a metal ring/watch/etc on you will make you a target over a tree or something similar.

Lighting is not a magical thing, it’s just electricity, but it’s so much electricity that it can arc extreme distances and be conducted through things we consider non conductive. And here’s the thing, air is a much better insulator than almost anything else, so height will be the determining factor most of the time because it will always be easier for the electricity to run through 10m of wood than 9m of metal and 1m of air, but between 10m of metal and 10m of wood it’s a no contest.

This is why you can be electrocuted inside a wooden gazebo, the tall building will offer less resistance to the lighting, and of you’re touching ground and a pillar you offer less resistance than the wood pillar. A metal gazebo is more conductive than you so it will create a Faraday cage, because the electricity will mostly prefer the metal. That is not to say you’re 100% sure to be safe there, but that’s where I would place my bet.

That’s wrong. Height is more important than material because air is a fairly good isolator, but electricity will always run the path of least resistance, which will invariably be the metal gazebo if they’re close enough.

That being said, a metal gazebo can also act like a Faraday cage. The reason why a car is safe is because it’s a metal cage, electricity will flow more easily through the metal than through you so you’re safe. Wood might be less conductive than you, so the path of least resistance might go through you, making it less safe. Also trees are alive and have water inside so they’re way more conducting than a wooden gazebo.

All of this being said, being near lighting when it strikes is not safe, as the electricity dissipates on the ground it creates massive electrical difference in the ground, and the least resistance path might be to go up your body and down the other side. Curiously if your feet are at roughly the same distance from the lighting strike you’re less likely to be electrocuted as the difference in electrical potential will be small, however if one feet is significantly closer than the other, as if you were running away from the lighting the electrical potential difference might be enough to kill you.

It’s the egg.

The way evolution works is that offspring might suffer mutations and not be 100% a copy of their parents DNA. As such, for any concrete definition of chicken there was a non-chicken that put a chicken egg.

There’s no argument for the chicken first, because a chicken needs to come from a chicken egg, but a chicken egg does not need to come from a chicken.

Since light cannot pass through a black hole does that mean light has mass?

No, it doesn’t. Light is a wave. What is the weight of a musical note?

Also why does light form a singularity in a black hole?

It doesn’t, the singularity is the name by which the actual mass of the black hole is known by. In short singularity is the mass in the middle, black hole is the phenomenon caused by that mass, but they’re mostly the same thing.

Is that like a fixed point on a map or something?

Sorta, think of a black hole like a drain emptying a huge pool, you can feel it sucking the water the closer you are to it. The singularity is the drain, but from the outside you can feel the water being pulled from much farther away, and that’s the black hole.

And can you travel to that fixed point after the black hole has its way with it?

What point? The singularity? No. That is the black hole, it’s like asking whether you can travel to the sun after the star had its way with it, you’re using two words that mean the same as if they were different things.

And if the velocity of a black hole is so intense that it exceeds the speed of light, then would that mean we have a new speed to consider?

Black holes don’t have any velocity, they just are. Think on the drain example I gave, the drain is not moving, but the water around it is.

If so can you explain what speed is that is faster than light?

No speed is faster than light. Again, light is a wave, not a physical object, imagine the drain again, you’re making ripples in the water, and you see that those ripples get near the drain and are “pulled down”, you might conclude that the ripples are attracted to the hole, but in reality it’s just that the medium they’re moving on (water) is being pulled into it and so ripples on that medium get dragged along.

I think that the position and state of every single electron is mostly irrelevant. My alternating greeting can be made with a paper having one side written each greeting and flipping it every time, you also don’t need to know the state of every subatomic particle there, even though there is a possibility that every single electron in that piece of paper suddenly moves away and the vacuum in electrical charge causes a rush of electricity that vaporizes the whole room… Yeah it’s possible, but you’re a dumbass if you think that possibility is worth calculating.

The same is true for a computer, and again you’re mixing up “I can’t possibly know that” with “it’s unknowable”. Knowing the electrical charge at each position of the computer is knowable, knowing the electrical charge at each position of a brain is also knowable, but while knowing that information on a computer allows you to predict its outcome, the same is not true for a brain.

The uncertainty principle does NOT apply to LLMs and absolutely, unquestionably does NOT apply to my alternating algorithm. You need to understand the difference between “I don’t know” and “It’s unknowable”.

That’s a very Newtonian way to look at the world. Even IF that was correct (which is not because of the uncertainty principle), if you go down that road you will get to the conclusion that everything is intelligent even a simple program that chooses an alternate greeting between Hello and Hi can be considered intelligent by that standard.

Don’t get fooled by clever tricks from developers, LLMs are a mathematical function, where it gets the chain of numbers you give it and returns a new chain of numbers. LLMs are 100% predeterministic, programmers purposefully make them choose a random response within a degree of tolerance instead of picking the correct answer.

I saw you making this claim on another comment, this is COMPLETELY different from how humans/animals/plants think. LLMs are incapable of thought, incapable of learning, and incapable of understanding, that’s why they fail dumb tests like “how many Rs in strawberry”, they’re just average machines.

They’re not useless, they’re not intelligent, they’re a tool, you don’t think your calculator is intelligent because it can do math you can’t, and shouldn’t think an LLM is intelligent because it can aggregate texts that you can’t.

All that being said, you’re correct that LLMs do pass the Turing test, but that doesn’t mean what you think it does, it just means they’re very good at pretending to.

Except it is, if you have the machine readable fields you can export the ones you’re interested in into a human readable document. Instead you have what the candidate thinks you want to read, which is essentially all of the information you had on the other fields.

HTTP sends data in plain text, without any sort of verification. If you’re a malicious actor it’s a dream.

While you need to understand a little bit of cryptography to fully understand it we can simplify a lot of you just accept public/private keys work. If you want to learn more about it you can read the wiki, but for the time being just accept that there’s a way to generate a pair of keys, a public one you share with the world, and a private one only you know, and that with these it’s possible for people to use the public key to send messages that only you can read, and for you to use the private keys to sign messages in a way that anyone can verify it’s you using the public key.

So, HTTP is just a protocol to send text over the network, anyone can grab a package and read it. To make it secure there are some specific sites that contain a list of sites and their public keys. Your browser has an internal list of these sites. When you try to access, for example Google, your browser contacts one of these sites, and asks for Google’s public key, when it gets it it encrypts the message leaving only the header (which says this message is for Google) unencrypted and sends it. For everyone in the middle of the road they see a message for Google containing garbage, but when Google gets it they use their private keys to read it. Then whatever they reply they can sign it so that you can use the key to verify it came from them.

With that in mind you might have noticed that what the server sends you back is plain text and publicly viewable. Therefore, every time you connect to a website there needs to be a handshake procedure, in short you send a message to the site (encrypted with his public key) telling it to reply to you using a public key you send them, now besides signing the message they also encrypt it using the key you gave them. And voila, no one can know what you said to the server because you encrypted it with its public key, and no one can know what the server told you because it encrypted it with your public key.

This is a simplification of the protocol, but that’s the core idea on how it works. You also might have noticed that everyone can see who you’re talking too, and that there’s no way around that since your message has to reach the server other computers HAVE to know where to send it to. But, if you have access to another computer to use as a Hub, you can send messages to that computer encrypted with its public key where the content is an encrypted message to the site you’re actually trying to access, so no one knows where they go afterwards, and it can then send it to the site you’re trying to access. When it gets the response it can then encrypt it to send to you.

That doesn’t really work if you’re the only one accessing that middle computer, but if lots of people do then it’s impossible to know what message is for who, because from the outside you see a bunch of messages directed to that computer, and a lot of messages from that computer to different sites. Some companies offer this service, its called Virtual Private Network, or VPN for short. Another reason why VPNs are important is that you have the public key on your system, so there’s less surface of attack.

Let’s get into very basic things.

You have two computers you want to connect, you grab a cable, plug it in both and voila!

You now need to connect a third computer, you could have a three way cable, but that makes it hard to replace things. Instead you have a box that has multiple connectors and internally it just connects all of them, essentially making a multi-end cable ok demand, this is what’s called a Hub because it’s just a centralized location where every package goes in/out.

But now your machines need to know how to send messages to one or another, so you implement a protocol where each machine has a number, and every message sent you encapsulate in a header saying something like “For X”, and computers know their own number so they can discard messages that are not for them.

Cool, but as you add more computers and longer cables the signal might become weak, you could add a very small chip to that box and some electricity so it can now act as a repeater. Most hubs were also repeaters, it was a small extra cost but a lot of extra functionality so it was an easy choice.

As you add more computers you start to have an issue, whenever two computers send a message at the same time they collide and no one receives it. Now, this is silly, you have computer 1 sending a message to computer 2 and computer 3 sending a message to computer 4, there’s no reason these should collide, but because of the Hub they do (because both messages are actually sent to all computers and they just discard what’s not for them).

It’s time to make your box a bit smarter. Instead of naively sending all messages everywhere, you add a computer there, it can understand the protocol we described before, and instead of just being a blind signal repeater. This box now knows which port each computer is plugged in, and so when 1 sends a message to 2 the signal only goes from the port 1 to the port 2, all other ports are free and can send messages at the same time. This is what’s called a Switch, because it switches what output the message goes to.

Cool, but now we have two separate networks, which means there are two Computer 1. You can’t just put one cable between the two switches because they won’t know where computer 1 is. Each switch needs to have it’s own number, and you need to wrap the message twice, e.g. Computer 1 connected to switch 1 wants to send a message to computer 2 connected to switch 2. Switch 2 is connected on port 5 to switch 1, so you wrap your message with something like “For 5, For 2”. The first switch sends to 5, the second switch receives it, notices it’s for himself, discards the first wrapper, and sends to 2.

Magic, right? Well, not quite, you need to know where computer 2 is located, and know all of the path to it. That’s not feasible for users to manage. What if we gave each computer a unique number across networks? It would be a sort of an Inter-Network Protocol address, or an Internet Protocol address for short, or even shorter IP. So now each computer has a unique number, and computer one can just send a message to computer 10 and not have to worry where it is.

But how does the message actually get to computer 10? Well, it’s time to add some extra logic to our Switch, and have it store a table of routes, so it knows that computer 10 is on port 5. Because they now not only know what’s on their ports but what route a package needs to take to reach its destination between networks this device is called a Router.

And there you go. A short introduction to network to explain what a router is and how it works. Obviously I simplified a lot of stuff and the real thing is a lot more complex, but this should give you a good ELI5 version of routers and networking.

One thing that helped shift my perspective was to use it for its intended purpose. I have it enabled on my code editor to use for auto-complete instead of traditional code parser or snippet library, it’s honestly very good at that, it still makes a few mistakes and suggests shitty code, but overall I think it mostly works and it’s easier to hit tab and have the full for loop or small function written and correct the variable access it got wrong when it does.

Another thing that has made it very useful to me was in situations where I need to write code using libraries or languages I’m not used to. Having a copilot or Claude tab opened and asking it how to do certain stuff is a lot faster than reading the documentation to figure out the API or syntax. If something doesn’t work you feed it the error and it usually spots the problem. This has made me a lot more productive with for example Jenkins, since it’s a different language from what I use for everything else, and to properly test it you have to commit the code and let the pipeline run, before LLMs this was a very tedious work of reading docs, stack overflow, extrapolating responses, etc. Now it’s still tedious work, but at least I have my first draft much quicker and can then deal with the hallucinations or obsolete APIs it told me to use.

While technically possible it’s far more likely you were using ICQ or IRC back in the 90s. I had MSN when it launched in 99 and no one else was using it.

There is a fork in the path, if you want to turn right go to commit abd123 if you want to turn right go to commit xyz321

Do you have a link to that video? Until you do I’ll believe the official communication from the company that I linked which has examples on the issues they were facing.